This list sets out – non-exhaustively, and with plenty of omissions – ten of the most influential pieces of the 20th century, whose sounds ring out clearly in today’s contemporary music. He also experimented with 12-tone music, which is based on a tone row made up of all 12 notes from the chromatic scale in a given order, with all 12 given more or less equal importance, and then manipulated in various structured ways. One of the most particular[clarification needed] operas of the seventies was Le Grand Macabre, by György Ligeti. [18], Folk music, in the original sense of the term as coined in the 18th century by Johann Gottfried Herder, is music produced by communal composition and possessing dignity, though by the late 19th century the concept of ‘folk’ had become a synonym for ‘nation’, usually identified as peasants and rural artisans, as in the Merrie England movement and the Irish and Scottish Gaelic Revivals of the 1880s. Later in the century his last opera, The Rake's Progress (1951), also marks the end of the neoclassical phase of his compositions. 2001. Béla Bartók The Musical Quarterly Vol. This was atona… Jazz, which was created by African Americans, was arguably the biggest musical development of the 20th Century. His ballets, including The Rite of Spring, The Firebird and Petruska, especially, have cemented Stravinsky as one of the most important composers of the 20th century. Faster modes of transportation allowed musicians and fans to travel more … Even when longstanding genres were used, composers felt very comfortable abandoning the traditional structures of those genres. [1] The introduction of multitrack recording in 1955 and the use of mixing had a major influence on pop and rock music, because it enabled record producers to mix and overdub many layers of instrument tracks and vocals, creating new sounds that would not be possible in a live performance. The composers of this era attempted to describe scenes and evoke moods by the use of rich harmonies and a wide palette of timbre. Some of the work of Aaron Copland clearly draws on American folk music. Sound recording was also a major influence on the development of popular music genres, because it enabled recordings of songs and bands to be inexpensively and widely distributed nationwide or even, for some artists, worldwide. Eventually he developed what he called twelve tone music. For centuries, instrumental music had either been created by singing, or using mechanical music technologies, such as drawing a bow across a string that is strung on a hollow instrument or plucking taut gut or metal strings (string instruments), constricting vibrating air (woodwinds and brass) or hitting something to make rhythmic sounds (percussion instruments). ... true of music in all periods. But many pieces commonly thought of as "art" (Handel's Hallelujah Chorus, many Schubert songs, many Verdi arias) have qualities of simplicity; conversely, it is by no means obvious that the Sex Pistols' records were "accessible", Frank Zappa's work "simple", or Billie Holiday's "facile". This music was generally more consonant-sounding and less overtly challenging than the modernist school, and composers like Phillip Glass and Steve Reich became incredibly popular: Musique concrete also utilised electronics. The masterpieces he wrote revolutionised 20th-century music and spanned all genres, from orchestral to choral, and opera to ballet. Jazz originated in the early 20th century out of a combination of the Blues, Ragtime, Brass Band Music, Hymns and Spirituals, Minstrel music and work songs. While sound recording technology is often associated with the key role it played in enabling the creation and mass marketing of popular music, new electric and electronic sound recording technology was used to produce art music, as well. Grant, Morag Josephine. [citation needed] Steven Halpern's Spectrum Suite, released in 1975, is generally credited as the album that began the new-age music movement. "Art" music, for example, is generally regarded as by nature complex, difficult, demanding; "popular" music then has to be defined as "simple", "accessible", "facile". Although some composers chose to compose in older styles many sought to … Many composers working in the early 21st century were prominent figures in the 20th century. The differences between melodies of the Romantic period and those of the 20th century is quite remarkable. [34], Some of the most important operas of the twenties and thirties were composed by the Russian Dmitri Shostakovich (The Nose, 1928 and Ledi Makbet Mtsenkovo Uyezda [Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District], 1932). Mauceri, Frank X. Elsewhere , Russian composer Igor Stravinksy’s use of rhythm was highly innovative, utilising frequently shifting time signatures. These traditions consisted primarily of English and Scottish ballads—which were essentially unaccompanied narrative—and dance music, such as Irish reels, which were accompanied by a fiddle. 240–257, the version performed by Tim Eriksen, Riley Baugus and Tim O'Brien for the Cold Mountain Soundtrack was based on this song and is lyrically identical to it, Riding, Alan. Inside 20th-century music; Rhythm and tonality ... becomes to bring up the issues of rhythm and tonality in serious discussion of the music of this century. Composers now find at their disposal the sounds of many genres and periods, whether popular, esoteric or strangely traditional. He was born in Los Angeles, California, USA on September 5, 1912 and became one of the most original composers in the history of western music. The development of relatively inexpensive reproduction of music via a succession of formats including vinyl records, compact cassettes, compact discs (introduced in 1983) and, by the mid-1990s, digital audio recordings, and the transmission or broadcast of audio recordings of music performances on radio, of video recordings or live performances on television, and by the 1990s, of audio and video recordings via the Internet, using file sharing of digital audio recordings, gave individuals from a wide range of socioeconomic classes access to a diverse selection of high-quality music performances by artists from around the world. Here are some such events, and some of the more random and quirky happenings that you might have missed in history class. The 20th century composers were looking for something new, throwing away the rule books and all preconceived notions about composition, rejecting the norms of the "Common Practice Period." [19] Folk music was normally shared and performed by the entire community (not by a special class of expert or professional performers, possibly excluding the idea of amateurs), and was transmitted by word of mouth (oral tradition). In music this was manifested in Neoclassicism, a movement that took influence from the Classical period. The 20th century saw dramatic innovations in musical forms and styles. His students Alban Berg and Anton Webern developed this approach, which is sometimes referred to as serialism, and the three Austrian composers are collectively known as the Second Viennese School (with Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven being the First Viennese School). [29] The dance tune Cumberland Gap may be derived from the tune that accompanies the Scottish ballad Bonnie George Campbell. Béla Bartók collected Hungarian folk tunes, which provided inspiration for his own work, while Ralph Vaughan Williams wrote an English Folk Song Suite. Composers tended to stick to these and lots of the music composed during that time had a similar ‘sound‘. But how did get here? Postmodern:1930 – present 5. 1997. And because of its own expression and orchestral technique it does not fit into any other category but its own. Below, we’ll take a look at some of these movements and the composers that lead the way in developing them. 20th-century classical music describes art music that was written nominally from 1901 to 2000, inclusive. Composers and songwriters experimented with new musical styles, such as genre fusions (e.g., the late 1960s fusion of jazz and rock music to create jazz fusion). This enabled a much wider range of the population to listen to performances of Classical music symphonies and operas that they would not be able to hear live, either due to not being able to afford live-concert tickets or because such music was not performed in their region. Twentieth century music brought new freedom and wide experimentation with new musical styles and forms that challenged the accepted rules of music of earlier periods. Elsewhere, composers like Charles Ives made use of microtones. Late-Romantic and modernist nationalism was found also in British, American, and Latin-American music of the early 20th century. Enjoy digitised treasures from our collections, sound recordings, and newly commissioned articles. Bluegrass pioneer Bill Monroe characterized the genre as: "Scottish bagpipes and ole-time fiddlin'. In the middle of the century composers such as Harry Partch and Ben Johnston explored just intonation. Bluegrass music has attracted a diverse following worldwide. Composers during the beginning of the 20th century rejected what they considered the harmonic excess of the late 19th century romanticism. These composers were daring experimenters. Over ti… It was also intended to be charming and sensuous, in contrast to the heavy, deeply serious music made in the late Romantic period by German composers like Richard Wagner. [39], Disco is an up-tempo style of dance music that originated in the early 1970s, mainly from funk, salsa, and soul music, popular originally with homosexual and African-American audiences in large U.S. cities, and derives its name from the French word discothèque.[40]. Since then he's been working to make music theory easy for over 1 million students in over 80 countries around the world. Stravinsky was discovered by Sergei Diaghilev, the producer of the Ballet Rouse. © Hello Music Theory 2020 | All rights reserved | Sitemap. As well, composers and musicians used new electric, electronic, and digital instruments and musical devices. By taking recorded sounds – of instruments, the human voice or the natural environment, for example – composers like Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen would manipulate these raw materials and turn them into sort of musical collages. Working in Stalinist Russia, Dmitri Shostakovich was forced to scale back his modernism in favour of a more populist, Romantic-inspired style in his symphonic works that was acceptable to the authorities, yet which remained highly creative, while his chamber works display more overtly modernist characteristics. Your email address will not be published. 20th Century and 21st Century can be broken down into even smaller periods. Meanwhile, his 4’33” – in which the performers do nothing except be present for four minutes and 33 seconds, meaning that the piece is actually composed of the sounds and atmosphere in the environment – is one of the most famous and controversial works of the modern era. Similar sympathies in the second half of the century are generally subsumed under the heading "postmodernism".[9]. Medieval era (500-1400AD) Renaissance era (1400-1600AD) [41], Mostly instrumental pieces creating sounds of a soothing, romantic, mood-elevating or generally relaxing nature. [10] According to Cage, "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen",[11] and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action. In this period, there was a drastic change in the music industry. In the mo st general sense: shape (contour, the variation of some attribute of a thing in space or time ), and structure (the disposition of But, the 20th century saw composers start to escape from these broad traditions of the era and classical music branched off into lots of different sub-movements. The USA was now a force to be reckoned with in the world of classical composition for the first time, and a number of American composers looked towards the artform for inspiration, including Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland and George Gerswhin. It is the last of the six periods of classical music eras and comes after the romantic era that ended around 1910AD. The history and politics of the 20th Century provided inspiration for the diverse range of musical styles developed between 1900 and 1999, pioneered by composers ranging from Elgar and Britten, to Stravinsky, Gershwin, and John Williams. This page was last edited on 20 December 2020, at 20:22. This rather dissonant-sounding music dispenses with traditional harmonic function and lacks a key centre. Both stressed emotion and depth, and focussed on the composer's individual feelings and interpretations. Rubin, Rachel, and Jeffrey Paul Melnick. Contemporary:1945 – present However, these sub-genres are normally lumped into one large category since there are so many diverse and opposing styles. 20th-century classical music describes art music that was written nominally from 1901 to 2000, inclusive. Eyewitness Companions: Opera: Dorling Kindersley Limited, 2006, electronic, and digital instruments and musical devices, Opera § Contemporary, recent, and modernist trends, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Walter ‘Li’l Wally’ Wallace Jagiello, "The Classical Orchestra Description Page", "Musique concrète – Musical composition technique", "Aaron Copland, 1900–1990: His Music Taught America About Itself", "Field Recordings of Southern Black Music", Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66: A Skinny Dip in the Easy Listening Mainstream, Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc, Music technology (electronic and digital), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=20th_century_music&oldid=995394999, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2018, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from December 2017, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2018, Articles with failed verification from January 2018, Articles with limited geographic scope from January 2012, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The second half of the 20th century was void of a dominant style in music composition. Prior to the invention of mass market gramophone records (developed in 1892) and radio broadcasting (first commercially done ca. Composers such as Ralph Vaughan Williams, Aaron Copland, Alberto Ginastera, Carlos Chávez, Silvestre Revueltas, and Heitor Villa-Lobos used folk themes collected by themselves or others in many of their major compositions. Aleatoric music is music in which some element of the composition is left to chance. Polka music rose in popularity in Chicago in the late 1940s after Walter ‘Li’l Wally’ Wallace Jagiello created "honky" polka by combining the Polish-American rural polka with elements of Polish folksong and krakowiak. 2001. During the Romantic period, some forms used during the Classical period were continued but was made more subjective. This is in contrast to old-time music, in which all instruments play the melody together or one instrument carries the lead throughout while the others provide accompaniment. Several Appalachian bluegrass ballads, such as "Pretty Saro", "Barbara Allen", "Cuckoo Bird" and "House Carpenter", come from England and preserve the English ballad tradition both melodically and lyrically. The development of powerful, loud guitar amplifiers and sound reinforcement systems in the 1960s and 1970s permitted bands to hold large concerts where even those with the least expensive tickets could hear the show. [42], The polka, which first appeared in Prague in 1837, continued to be a popular form of dance music through the 20th century, especially in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and areas of the United States with a large population of central-European descent. Often this means that the performer gets to determine how part of the piece should be played, perhaps with a freely improvised section. "Polka". Period: 1887 to 1953. Electronic music was embraced by composers such as Wendy Carlos, Edgard Varèse, Karlheinz Stockhausen, Milton Babbitt, Pierre Boulez, Bruno Maderna, Henri Pousseur, Karel Goeyvaerts, Ernst Krenek, Luigi Nono, Luciano Berio, Herbert Brün, and Iannis Xenakis. Its most famous and influential exponent was John Cage (1912–1992). Richard Middleton writes: Neat divisions between "folk" and "popular", and "popular" and "art", are impossible to find... arbitrary criteria [are used] to define the complement of "popular". "From Experimental Music to Musical Experiment". [13] However, the term may also be employed in a broader sense to refer to all post-1945 musical forms.[14]. The relationship (particularly, the relative value) of classical music and popular music is a controversial question. This is particularly evident in his revolutionary ballet The Rite of Spring, which caused quite a stir when it was first performed in 1913: With two World Wars, the 20th Century was a time of major social and political change, and it was inevitable that this would have an impact upon the arts. Musical texture of Classical music is mostly homophonic but flexible. He made use of a prepared piano, which has objects placed on or between the strings to alter its sound, often making it more percussive. [44] See also rock musical and rock opera. Minimalism was practiced heavily throughout the latter half of the century and has carried over into the 21st century, as well as composers like Arvo Pärt, Henryk Górecki and John Tavener working in the holy minimalism variant. Neoclassical: A term applied to the music of early 20th century composers like Stravinsky which reflects the 18th-century music. Composers and songwriters explored new forms and sounds that challenged the previously accepted rules of music of earlier periods, such as the use of altered chords and extended chords in 1940s-era Bebop jazz. Some younger composers such as Oliver Knussen, Wolfgang Rihm, Georg Friedrich Haas, Judith Weir, George Benson, Richard Barrett, Simon Bainbridge, John Luther Adams, Toshio Hosokawa, Bright Sheng, Kaija Saariaho, Tan Dun, Magnus Lindberg, Philippe Manoury, Olga Neuwirth, Rebecca Saunders, David Lang, Hanspeter Kyburz, James MacMillan, Mark-Anthony Turnage, Thomas Adès, Marc-André Dalbavie, Unsuk Chin, Claus-Steffen Mahnkopf, and Michael Daugherty did not rise to prominence until late in the 20th century. It deals with the subject of mortality through irony and collage. For more examples see List of 20th-century classical composers. It is not easy to pinpoint the exact decade in which the American youth became a major factor. Composers also continued to incorporate their native folk music in their work, which was a tradition that began in the Romantic period. The 20th century period of music, as its name suggests, began around 1900. As a result, there is no regonisable unified sound to the music of this period, and it is, in general, much more stylistically divergent than the preceding eras of Western art music. These were skills that tended to be limited to middle-class and upper-class individuals. Schaeffer, P. (1966), Traité des objets musicaux, Le Seuil, Paris. The aftermath of WWII, the advances in terms of recording and information technology, and the global political and economic context all played a role in the rise of new artistic and musical movements. The most internationally accepted post–World War II composer of operas was Englishman Benjamin Britten (Peter Grimes, 1945; The Rape of Lucretia, 1946; Albert Herring, 1947; Billy Budd, 1951; Gloriana, 1953; The Turn of the Screw, 1954; A Midsummer Night's Dream, 1960; Owen Wingrave, 1970; Death in Venice, 1973)[36][failed verification]. Frank Martin Period: 1891 to 1964. [32], There are three major subgenres of bluegrass and one unofficial subgenre. Consequently, this century was without a dominant style. Music of the 20th Century...MUSIC OF THE 20th CENTURY Music of the 20th century Introduction In this history of music and arts, every period has its own characteristic style which is associated with the society from which it originated. In a sort of parallel to this, Debussy and Ravel rejected the tension and release of traditional cadence-based harmony in favour of tonality that was often more static, remaining within a mode like the whole tone scale, for example, for extended periods. Musical style diverged during the 20th century as it never had previously. Bluegrass music is a form of American roots music, and a related genre of country music. The invention of electronic instruments and the synthesizer in the mid-twentieth century revolutionized popular music and accelerated the development of new forms of music. Some of the composers who influenced John Cage were Erik Satie (1866–1925), Arnold Schoenberg (1874–1951) and Henry Dixon Cowell (1897–1965). Ernst Toch Period: 1890 to 1974. Lots of music composed in the 20th Century did away with these rules, and the modernist movement did so in a particularly extreme way, in keeping with its ethos of rejecting tradition and embracing individuality. 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